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Magnetic Materials & B-H Characteristics – Unit 1 Easy Notes | AKTU Electrical Machine-1 by Electrical Zindagi

Magnetic Materials and BH Characteristics

Magnetic Materials and B-H Characteristics | AKTU Electrical Machine-1 Easy Notes by Electrical Zindagi

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📑 Table of Contents

  • Introduction to Magnetic Materials
  • Diamagnetic Materials
  • Paramagnetic Materials
  • Ferromagnetic Materials
  • Antiferromagnetic Materials
  • Ferrimagnetic Materials
  • B–H Curve of Ferromagnetic Material
  • Retentivity and Coercive Field
  • Quick Summary & Exam Tips

🔹 Basic Introduction (Topic ka base samjho pehle)

Magnetic materials wo hote hain jo magnetic field ke effect me aakar magnetize ho jaate hain. Jab kisi material par magnetic field H lagate hain aur uske andar flux density B produce hoti hai, to dono ke beech jo relation hota hai use B–H characteristics kehte hain.

Different materials ka magnetic behaviour alag-alag hota hai, isliye unko 5 main types me divide kiya gaya hai:

  • Diamagnetic
  • Paramagnetic
  • Ferromagnetic
  • Antiferromagnetic
  • Ferrimagnetic

1️⃣ Diamagnetic Materials

Definition: Wo materials jo magnetic field ko weakly repel karte hain.

  • Magnetization opposite direction me hoti hai
  • Magnetic susceptibility (χ) → negative
  • Relative permeability (μr) < 1
  • Weakest magnetic behaviour

Examples: Bismuth, Copper, Silver, Gold

2️⃣ Paramagnetic Materials

Definition: Wo materials jo magnetic field ko weakly attract karte hain.

  • Magnetization same direction me hoti hai
  • χ → small positive
  • μr > 1 (but very close to 1)
  • Field hatate hi magnetism khatam

Examples: Aluminium, Platinum, Chromium

3️⃣ Ferromagnetic Materials

Definition: Wo materials jo magnetic field me strongly magnetize ho jaate hain aur magnetism retain bhi karte hain.

  • Very high χ and μr
  • Domains align ho jaate hain
  • Permanent magnet ban sakte hain
  • Hysteresis loss hota hai

Examples: Iron, Cobalt, Nickel

4️⃣ Antiferromagnetic Materials

Definition: Isme adjacent atomic moments equal aur opposite direction me hote hain.

  • Net magnetization ≈ zero
  • Weak magnetic behaviour
  • High temperature par paramagnetic ban jaate hain

Examples: Manganese oxide (MnO), Nickel oxide (NiO)

5️⃣ Ferrimagnetic Materials

Definition: Isme atomic moments opposite direction me hote hain but equal nahi hote.

  • Net magnetization ≠ zero
  • Ferromagnetic jaisa behaviour
  • High resistivity → transformer cores me use

Examples: Ferrites (Fe₃O₄)

🔹 B–H Curve for Ferromagnetic Material

Ferromagnetic materials me jab H increase karte hain to B bhi increase hoti hai, but path linear nahi hota. Field ko zero karne par bhi B zero nahi hoti — isse hysteresis kehte hain.

(#insertimage - BH Curve Diagram)

Important Terms on B–H Curve

Retentivity (Br): Jab H = 0 kar dete hain, tab bhi jo B bachi rehti hai use retentivity kehte hain. 👉 Material ki magnetism retain karne ki ability

Coercive Field (Hc): Wo reverse magnetic field jo B ko zero karne ke liye chahiye hoti hai. 👉 Demagnetize karne ki ability

  • Vertical intercept → Retentivity (Br)
  • Horizontal intercept → Coercive Field (Hc)

🔹 Exam Me Likhnay Layak 2–3 Formula

  • B = μ H
  • μ = μ₀ μr
  • χ = μr − 1

🔹 Quick Summary Points

  • Diamagnetic → weakly repel, χ negative
  • Paramagnetic → weakly attract, χ positive
  • Ferromagnetic → strongly attract, retain magnetism
  • Antiferromagnetic → moments cancel, net ≈ 0
  • Ferrimagnetic → unequal opposite moments, net ≠ 0
  • Retentivity → remaining magnetism
  • Coercive field → demagnetizing field
  • B–H curve shows hysteresis

🔹 Exam Tip for 10 Marks (AKTU Style)

  • 2–3 line Introduction
  • 5 short notes (2–3 points each)
  • B–H curve diagram
  • Retentivity + Coercive field definition
  • 2–3 formulas
  • 4–5 bullet summary points

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❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What are magnetic materials?
Magnetic materials are those which get magnetized in a magnetic field.

Q2: What is B–H curve?
It shows relation between magnetic field strength H and flux density B.

Q3: What is retentivity?
Remaining magnetism when H becomes zero.

Q4: What is coercive field?
Reverse field required to make B zero.

Q5: Which material is strongest magnetically?
Ferromagnetic materials.

Q6: Why ferrites are used in transformers?
Because of high resistivity and low losses.

Q7: How this post helps students?
This post gives exam-oriented easy notes for AKTU EE students.

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